West Africa: Digital Exclusion and Access to Basic Services in West Africa: Disentangling Individual From Territorial Effects
Evidence points to digital infrastructure and education as critical investments. Abstract This study examines the relationship between digital exclusion and access to essential services across six West African countries, using Afrobarometer Round 9 data (2021-2023). We construct a multidimensional digital-exclusion index based on digital-technology access and usage, then rigorously distinguish individual-level effects from district-level contextual…