As the Middle East conflict disrupts global trade and financial markets, middle powers must unite to drive diplomatic solutions in an increasingly fractured, two-tier multipolar world order. The US-Israel war on Iran, which began on 28 February 2026, has had consequences far beyond the Middle East. The breakdown of the June 2026 Islamabad Memorandum of…
Walk through Nairobi and the twenty-first century global economy comes into view. Chinese-built expressways carry commuters to office towers occupied by American technology firms. French retailer Carrefour has become one of the country’s largest supermarket chains. Japanese vehicles dominate the roads while Indian pharmaceutical companies supply hospitals and pharmacies. Increasingly, Gulf investors are financing the…
African nations have since independence operated within a global system they did not participate in designing, one that often undermines their agency and development. The African nation-states continue to battle internal governance issues, corruption, and conflicts. The post Second World War liberal international order built on principles of market capitalism, secular individualism and democracy was…
